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\noindent {\bf PHYSICS 1020}
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{\Large \bf Homework set 10\\}
{\large 19 February 1997\\}
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\item[{\bf [10.4]}] Velma bicycles northward at 4 m/s. She throws a ball
northward at 10 m/s relative to herself. What is the ball's speed and direction
of motion relative to Mort, who is standing beside the road? What if Velma had
instead thrown the ball southward at 10 m/s? What if she had thrown the ball
southward at 4 m/s?
  \\
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Answer:\\
Since the speeds involved are rather small, we can use Galilean addition of
velocities.
The {\sl velocity of the ball, as seen by Mort, = the velocity of the ball relative
to Velma plus the velocity of Velma relative to Mort.} 
Since velocity is a vector, we have to keep track of direction. Let's define the
positive direction for north-south motion to be the northern direction, i.e
velocitiy components are counted positive for northward motion, and negative for
southward motion. 
When the ball is thrown northward at 10 m/s, the velocity components in the
northern direction add, and we
get 14 m/s northward. When the ball is thrown southward at 10 m/s, the 
velocity component  northward seen by
Mort = (- 10 + 4) m/s = -6 m/s, i.e. 6 m/s southward. 
(We had to put - 10 m/s because the
ball was thrown southward, i.e. opposite to the northern direction  which we
have defined to be the direction in which we count velocities positive.) When the ball is thrown at 4 m/s
southward,
the velocity in the northward direction seen by Mort = (-4 + 4) m/s = 0, i.e.
as seen by Mort, the ball falls straight down.

\item[{\bf [10.5]}] A desperado riding on top of a freight-train car fires a gun
pointed forward. Compare the speed of the bullet as observed by a passenger on
the train and as observed by the sheriff standing beside the tracks. What if the
desperado instead points his gun backward toward the rear of the train? \\
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Answer:\\
The passenger, being at rest relative to the gun, 
 observes  the bullet's velocity to be the same as the
 muzzle
velocity (= the bullet's velocity relative to the gun). For the sheriff, the
{\sl bullet's velocity = the bullet's velocity relative to the train + the train's
velocity relative to him.} Therefore, if the gun is pointed in the direction of
the train's motion, the sheriff sees the bullet move faster than the muzzle
velocity, but he sees the bullet move slower than the muzzle velocity when the gun 
is
fired backwards, opposite to the direction of the train's motion. For the
passenger who is riding in the train and therefore at rest with respect to the
gun, the bullet's speed is always the same. 

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\item[{\bf [10.6]}]  In the preceding question, suppose that the gun's muzzle
velocity (speed of the bullet relative to the gun) is 500 m/s and that the
freight-train's speed is  40 m/s. What is the bullet's speed and direction of
motion as observed by the sheriff if the desperado fires the gun forward? What
if he instead fires toward the rear of the train? 
  \\
Answer:\\
When the gun  is fired forward, the velocity seen by the sheriff = 
(500 + 40) m/s =  540 m/s in the direction of the train; when the gun is fired
backward, the bullet's velocity seen by the sheriff is = (-500 + 40) m/s = -460
m/s, i.e. 460 m/s in the direction opposite to the direction of motion of the
train.

\item[{\bf [10.15]}] A desperado riding on top of a freight-train car fires a laser gun 
pointed forward (compare  this with exercise [10.5]). What is this gun's ``muzzle velocity''?
Suppose the train is moving at 40 m/s (0.04 km/s). How fast does the tip of the laser beam move 
relative to the sheriff, who is standing on the ground beside the train? What answer would
Galilean theory of relativity  give to this question?\\
Answer:\\
The laser gun's muzzle velocity is the velocity of light, $c$ = 300 000 km/s.
The sheriff standing on the ground sees the light coming out of the laser gun also moving with 
the same speed, $c$ = 300 000 km/s (this is because of the principle of the constancy of the speed of light,
i.e. its independence of the state of motion of source or observer). According to Galilean relativity, on the other
hand, the two
velocities would add, i.e. the sheriff would see the laser light move with velocity =
$c + v_{train}$ = 300 000.04 km/s.

\item[{\bf [10.16]}] Earth orbits the sun at a speed of about 30 km/s. If we
assume that ether fills all space and that the sun is at rest in the ether, then
it follows that Earth is moving at about 30 km/s through the ether. If these
assumptions are true, then what speed will the observer in figure 10.8 observe
for light beam A? For light beam B?
  \\
Answer:\\ 
According to the ether theory, light is a wave propagating through ether, with a
speed which is constant with respect to the ether. Light beam A of Fig.10.8 is
emitted by a light source behind Earth. Therefore the observer on Earth is
moving away from the source, and so the velocity of light
perceived by an observer on Earth  is smaller than it would be for an observer at
rest relative to the ether: 
$$v_A = c - v_E = (300000 - 30) {\rm km/s = 299970~km/s}.$$ 
For light beam B, the observer
on Earth is movimg towards the source, and therefore the velocity of the light
perceived in this case is larger than for an observer at rest with respect to
the ether: 
$$v_B = c + v_E =(300000 + 30){\rm km /s = 300030 km/s.}$$

\item[{\bf [10.17]}] Michelson and Morley measured the difference between the
speeds of two light beams moving in different directions. Under the assumptions
stated in the preceding exercise, what would be the difference between the
speeds of the two light beams in figure 10.8? Express your answer as a fraction
of {\sl c}.
  \\
Answer:\\
The difference between the velocities of the two lightbeams B and A is
$$(c + v_E) - (c - v_E) = 2 v_E  = 60 {\rm km/s.}$$
 As a fraction of $c$, this is
$= 60/300000 = 2\cdot 10^{-4} = 0.00002$.

\item[{\bf [10.26]}] Your extraordinarily fantastic rocketship moves at 99\% of
lightspeed. If you took off, moved at this speed for 24 hours as measured by
you, and returned to Earth, by how much would your clock differ from
Earth-based clocks? Would you have aged more or less than people on Earth? By
how much?
  \\
Answer:\\
Time $T$ as measured by observers on Earth is related to time $T_{\circ}$ as 
measured by you in your spaceship  by
$$T = \gamma \cdot T_{\circ}, ~~~~ \gamma = {1 \over{\sqrt{1 - \beta^2}}}~, ~~~~
\beta = {v\over c}$$
For $\beta = {v \over c} = 0.99$, this gives $\gamma = 7.09$ (See also table 10.1).
This means that for every day that passes for you on your rocketship, 7.1 days
pass
for the observers on Earth. When you return after one of your days, 7.1 days
have passed for the observers on Earth. Thus, you have 
aged by one day, while the observers on Earth have aged by 7.1 days, i.e. by 6.1
days more than you. 
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