%*************  PHY 5846 Syllabus Fall 1998  ***************8
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\centerline {{\bf PHYSICS 5846: INTRODUCTION TO EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
  \hfill FALL 1998}}

\bigskip

\subsection*{Purpose of course:}

\bigskip
This course is intended to give  an introduction to some of the most important
techniques of contemporary experimental physics and provide examples of how they
are used in a variety of modern applications. 
Your knowledge and understanding of these techniques will be further developed
and tested via a sequence of homework and laboratory exercises.
\subsection*{Textbook:}
There is no textbook for this course. Lecturers will provide lecture notes which
will be  handed out to students.

%medskip
\subsection*{Class Meetings}
As a rule, class  meets Tuesday and Thursday 10:00 to 11:15  in UPL 107. In some
cases, time and place will be different. 
Class periods are used for lectures, to show experimental demonstrations, 
 and to do laboratory exercises.
 Changes in schedule, place, etc. will be announced by e-mail and on the World
 Wide Web (the course homepage is 
 \verb+http://www.hep.fsu.edu/~wahl/phy5846/fal98/index.html+.) 
\subsection*{Course organization}
 The course  will be team-taught by seven lecturers
(Z. Fisk, J.D. Fox, D. Lind, H.B. Prosper, E. Myers, S.v.Moln\'ar, H.D. Wahl
= contact person for the course), and 
 will consist of lectures of more or less independent topics that 
cover major areas relevant in modern experimental physics. The topics 
covered are governed by the field of interest and expertise of the lecturers 
that volunteered to contribute to this course.
Most of the lectures are augmented by homework, laboratory exercises
or demonstrations. In addition, every student has to give one presentation
(during the last week of classes) and submit a paper about that same
subject. The topics for these papers can be chosen by the students, but are
subject to the constraint that the variety of topics should somehow reflect
the breadth of topics covered in the course. Approval of the  chosen topic
by the course convener (HDW) is therefore required.

In a course like this with many different subjects covered by different 
lecturers, course continuity and coherence can be a problem. Also, in many cases
the time alloted to each topic will be too short to allow a full treatment. 
To alleviate these problems as far as possible, each lecturer will prepare 
and distribute lecture notes which will at least indicate what are the major points 
covered in the lectures and what the students are expected to have learned about them.
The lecture notes will also include references to sources of further information.
It is hoped that these lecture notes will be a useful resource for you.

\subsection*{Topics covered in course:}
Here is a preliminary list of topics; the list is possibly incomplete and subject to modifications.
The order is arbitrary and does not reflect priority or order in the course.

\begin{itemize}
\item {\bf sample preparation} (Zachary Fisk)\\

\item {\bf neutron spallation source and radioactive ion beam} (John Fox)\\
In general terms, the lectures would deal with the science, technology,
and problems associated with the Spallation Neutron Source being planned
at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.  This facility will be used mostly for
materials science research and applications. 

A tie-in proposal is now being developed by the Oak Ridge nuclear
physicists to use a portion of the 1 GeV proton SNS beam as a driver
for a radioactive ion beam facility (ISOL - Isotope Separator On Line.)
Many aspects of nuclear and materials science are touched by the two
projects and the discussion might be interesting to a broad group of
students with physics interests.  Most nuclear physicists as well
as materials science students are unfamiliar with neutron science and only
a subset of nuclear physicists know much about ISOL matters. 

Topics will include:\\	
\tab  - Considerations leading to the SNS\\
\tab  -	Types of work to be done at SNS\\
\tab  -	Justification for ISOL - how it will work\\
\tab  -	How to piggy-back ISOL onto SNS\\
\tab  -	Problems associated with spallation/fission 
			    radioactive ion beam sources


\item  {\bf Crystallography and methods of
determining crystal structure} (David Lind), \\
including a survey of diffraction based
probes (electron diffraction, helium atom diffraction, x-ray diffraction,
and neutron diffraction) and microscopy methods (including conventional
light microscopy, SEM, HRTEM, and the various scanning probe microscopies
such as STM, AFM, NFOM, and MFM, etc.)\\
  There will be demonstrations of the several
examples of these experimental tools that we have here at FSU, and 
 at least one full blown "lab experiment" that the students will have
to do for credit involving one of the probes (probably (x-ray diffraction).
There will also be several homework problems
based on this area.

\item 
{\bf Introduction to lasers and electro-optics}(Ed Myers)\\
to provide  a basic understanding of laser operation, and  
         briefly survey some important laser systems and electro-optical 
         methods.\\
Topics:\\
\tab Gaussian beams\\
\tab Optical resonators\\
\tab Interaction of radiation and atomic systems\\
\tab Gain coefficient\\
\tab Conditions for laser oscillation\\
\tab Saturation characteristics and power output\\
\tab Specific systems: Gas, dye, solid state, semiconductor\\
\tab Frequency stabilization of single mode lasers\\
\tab Electro-optic and acousto-optic modulation\\
\tab Q-switching and mode-locking\\
\tab Harmonic generation and parametric amplification

There will be a lab. demonstration and a homework assignment.
\item {\bf Beam sources} (Ed Myers)
\begin{itemize}
\item 
General concepts:\\
\tab Emittance and brightness\\
\tab Effects of space charge in charged particle sources\\
\tab Problems of extraction\\
\item Survey of beam sources and some applications:\\
\tab positive  ion sources,\\
\tab negative ion sources\\
\tab atomic/molecular beam sources
\end{itemize}
There will be a homework assignment.

\item {\bf Introduction to statistical methods} (Harrison Prosper)\\
To introduce students to some of the basic ideas and methods
                    of "classical"  and "modern"  (read  Bayesian) statistics. I
                    plan to  use  real  examples from  the  physics  literature.
                    (Necessarily,  this  will come from  areas   with which I am
                    most     familiar.) I   shall   avoid  using  the   Gaussian
                    distribution  in my  examples so  that certain  ideas remain
                    distinct - e.g., standard deviation and confidence interval.
                    My aim is to  provide the  student with a  firm grounding in
                    useful statistical ideas.\\
    Topics or concepts to be discussed:
\begin{itemize}
\item {\sl Basic notions:}
\begin{itemize}
\item decision function, estimator, loss and risk functions (in
               particular, the mean squared error)

\item  bias, variance, efficiency of an estimator, consistency

\item    covariance, correlation, and independence
\end{itemize}
\item {\sl Classical statistics:}
\begin{itemize}
\item The method of maximum likelihood; the method of moments; sampling
               theory. Use  as an  example:  estimating the mean  lifetime of an
               exponentially decaying system.  Also measuring the top quark mass
               using the method of moments.

\item confidence     intervals  (both  for    continuous  and  discrete
               distributions).    (In   spite of  the  lore  to the   contrary a
               confidence  interval does have  a precise  meaning. I hope to get
               that message across to the students, especially those who wish to
               do experiments.) Use the Poisson distribution as an example.

\item approximate methods, the likelihood ratio and its relationship to
               the   $\chi^2$-distribution. What  to do  about   unphysical
               regions: use them, or lose them?

\item fitting: $\chi^2$ method, likelihood method; goodness-of-fit
              tests (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Cram\'er-Smirnov-Von Mises)
\end{itemize} 	      
\item {\sl Bayesian statistics:}
\begin{itemize}
\item Bayes' theorem
\item    hypothesis testing using bayesian probability
  \item   parameter estimation
\item  confidence intervals
\item  treating systematic errors and uncertainty
 \item  unfolding spectra
\item  connection to neural networks
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}           

\item {\bf Magnetometry} (Stephan von Moln\'{a}r)\\
Topics:
\begin{itemize}
\item overview of magnetometers\\ 
\tab     a). Induction methods\\
\tab     b). Force methods\\
\tab     c). Vibrating sample magnetometer\\
\tab     d). SQUID magnetometer\\
\tab     e). Torque magnetometer
\item Novel techniques for special purposes\\
\tab     a). Hall gradiometer\\
 \tab    b). Cantilever magnetometer
 \end{itemize}
 There will be a lab which will involve the observation of preparation and 
mounting of a magnetic sample onto the sample holder of a 
commercial SQUID magnetometer. The data, which will be collected 
automatically by the SQUID as data points of magnetization vs. 
temperature and field, will then need to be analyzed by each 
student.  This will permit the student to become familiar with:\\
\tab  a). various methods of plotting magnetic data to extract 
      significant constants \\ 
\tab  b). experimentally defining a second order phase transition.\\ 

\item {\bf Accelerators} (Horst Wahl)\\ 
The goal is to  acquaint the student with basic concepts of the physics of accelerators
      used in nuclear and particle physics.\\
Subjects to be covered:\\
\tab  Overview of accelerator types\\
\tab  beam manipulating elements\\
\tab  beam acceptance, emittance\\
\tab  betatron motion\\
\tab  lattice functions, tune\\
\tab  phase stability\\
\tab  synchrotron radiation\\
\tab  luminosity\\
\tab  beam cooling\\
\tab  representative examples of accelerators\\

There is no laboratory accompanying this section of the course,
but there is homework.

\item {\bf Particle detection techniques} (Horst Wahl)\\
Subjects to be covered:\\
\tab Interaction of particles with matter\\
\tab \tab cross section, survival probability, free pathlength..\\
\tab \tab energy loss of heavy particles, electrons\\
\tab \tab electromagnetic interactions, strong interactions\\
\tab \tab interactions of photons\\
\tab \tab bremsstrahlung, pair production, electromagnetic showers\\
\tab \tab Cherenkov radiation, transition radiation\\
\tab  detector characteristics  
  (sensitivity, response, efficiency, deadtime..)\\             \\
\tab  gas detectors (ionization chambers, prop. counters, wirechambers,\\
\tab \tab drift chambers,..)               \\
\tab calorimeters \\
\tab  semiconductor detectors                \\
\tab  Cherenkov counters               \\
\tab  scintillators, scintillating fibers  \\
\tab  detector systems               \\
\tab  typical experiments in particle physics  \\


\end{itemize}
\medskip
\subsection*{Lecturers:}

\begin{center}
{\noindent \begin{tabular}{lllll} \hline
Lecturer & office  & phone & e-mail & office hrs\\ \hline
 Zachary Fisk & 409 Keen & 644-2922 & fisk@magnet.fsu.edu & Mo 09:00 - 10:00\\
  & & & & We 09:00 - 10:00 \\
   & & & & or by appt. \\ \hline 
 John D. Fox & 217 Keen & 644-2066 & fox@mail.phy.ornl.gov & Tu 14:00 -
 15:30\\
  & & & & Th 14:00 - 15:30 \\
   & & & & or by appt. \\ \hline
 David Lind & 412 Keen & 644-1576 & lind@magnet.fsu.edu & Mo 09:00 - 10:00\\
  & & & & We 09:00 - 10:00 \\
   & & & & or by appt. \\ \hline
 Ed Myers & 115 NRB & 644-4040 & myers@nucmar.fsu.edu & Mo 09:00 - 10:00\\
  & & & & We 09:00 - 10:00 \\
   & & & & or by appt. \\ \hline
 Harrison Prosper & 514 Keen & 644-6760 & harry@hep.fsu.edu & Tu 09:00 - 10:00\\
  & & & & Th 09:00 - 10:00 \\
   & & & & or by appt. \\ \hline
 Stephan von Molnar & 406 Keen & 644-5075 & molnar@magnet.fsu.edu & Mo 09:00 - 10:00\\
  & & & & We 09:00 - 10:00 \\
   & & & & or by appt. \\ \hline
 Horst D. Wahl & 512 Keen & 644-3509 & wahl@hep.fsu.edu & Mo 08:30 - 10:00\\
  & & & & We 08:30 - 10:00 \\
   & & & & or by appt. \\ \hline

\hline
\end{tabular}} 
\end{center}


\newpage

\subsection*{Course grading}
There will be no exams in this course, only graded homework assignments and lab.
exercises, as well as presentations and papers on subjects chosen by the
students
The course grade will be calculated using the sum of normalized grades from 
the homework, lab. assignments, presentation and paper, normalized to a 
total of 100 points.
The following table contains the range in number of points (for 100 points maximum) necessary
to achieve a given letter grade: 
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|} \hline
grade & points  \\ \hline
A& $\ge 75$ \\
B& $ <  75, ~\ge 50  $  \\ 
C& $< 50$ \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
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%\centerline{{\bf PHYSICS 5846 SYLLABUS \hfill FALL 1998}}
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{\bf CLASS SCHEDULE}\\
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\begin{tabular}{|c|c|l|c|}                               \hline
Week &Dates   & Subject                  & Assignment \\
No.  &Tu - Th & {\sl Lecturer}           &             \\ \hline
1    &25 Aug. & Organizational meeting   &            \\  \hline
2    &1 Sep.  & Statistical methods      & homework    \\
     &        &{\sl Harrison Prosper}    &             \\ \hline
2    &3 Sep.  & Accelerators (1)      & homework    \\
     &        &{\sl Horst Wahl}    &             \\ \hline
    
3    &8 Sep.  & Statistics cont'd        & homework    \\ 
     &10 Sep. &{\sl Harrison Prosper}    &             \\ \hline
4    &15 Sep. &Statistics (cont'd)& \\
     &17 Sep. &{\sl Harrison Prosper}& \\ \hline                                    
5    &22 Sep. &Magnetometry&   lab.\\
     &24 Sep. &{\sl Stephan von Moln\'ar}& \\ \hline
6    &29 Sep. &Lasers& lab. and \\
     &1 Oct. &{\sl Ed Myers}&homework \\ \hline
7    &6 Oct. &Beam sources& lab. and\\
     &8 Oct. &{\sl Ed Myers}&  homework\\ \hline
8    &13 Oct. &Sample preparation& \\
     &15 Oct. &{\sl Zach Fisk}& \\ \hline
9    &20 Oct. &Crystallography (1) & homework\\
     &22 Oct. &{\sl David Lind}& \\ \hline
10   &27 Oct. &Crystallography (2) & lab.\\
     &29 Oct. &{\sl David Lind}& \\ \hline
11   &3 Nov. &Accelerators (2) & \\
     &       &{\sl Horst Wahl}    &             \\
     & 5 Nov.&Particle detection (1) &homework \\ 
     &       &{\sl Horst Wahl}    &             \\ \hline   
12   &10 Nov. &Spallation neutron source& \\
     &12 Nov. &{\sl John Fox}&reading ass.\\ \hline
13   &17 Nov. &radiaoactive ion beams& \\
     &19 Nov. &{\sl John Fox}&reading ass.\\ \hline
14   &24 Nov. &Particle detection (2)& \\
     &       &{\sl Horst Wahl}    &             \\
     &26 Nov. &Thanksgiving & \\ \hline
15   &1 Dec. &Student presentations& \\
     &3 Dec. &Student presentations& \\ \hline
    
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
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